what we learned in this chapter ?
1. Estate
• Highly commercialized
• Efficiently managed by professionals
• Land largerthan 40.5 ha
• Owned by private companies or public land development agencies.
• Palm oil,rubber & cocoa
2. Small holder
• Less commercialized
• Average farm size 1.45ha
• Crops: rice, fruits and vegetables
Industrial Crops in Malaysia
DEFINITION: An industrial crop is a crop grown to produce goods to be used in the production sector, rather than food for consumption. Industrial crops impact the economy by providing a product which lessens the need for imports.
There are some EXAMPLES of industrial crops:
1. Oil Palm (Elaeis guianeensis)
•Largest planted crop in Malaysia
•Origin: Sierra Leone, Africa
•First planted in Malaysia in 1917.
•Harvested at 25-30 months after planting
•Economic life span: 20 years
•Malaysia: 39% for palm oil production & 44% for exports
2. Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)
•First major plantation crop
•Introduced in 1877, from Amazon Basin, Brazil.
•Dominant plantation for 80 years.
•Second major crop in the country
•Factors to switched to oil palm:
–Declining price
–Increasing cost production
–Declining labour
•4th largest crop in the country
•1981: 409,348 ha
•1995: 248,380 ha
•2007:172,000 ha
•Factors for area declining:
–Palm oil for cooking
–Low income
–Small farm size
–Labour
4. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao)
-Malaysia cocoa special characteristic: High melting point, smooth texture, sheen, snap.-Planting area reducing, processing increasing.
Other Industrial Crops:
1. Coffee
2. Sugarcane
3. Tea
4.Rice (Oryza sativa)
•3rd largest planted crop in the country.
•Mainly in Peninsular Malaysia at 8 granary
FLORICULTURE
• Cut flowers; orchids; non-‐orchids
LIVESTOCK
Non-‐ruminant: Poultry and swine
•3rd largest planted crop in the country.
•Mainly in Peninsular Malaysia at 8 granary
FLORICULTURE
• Cut flowers; orchids; non-‐orchids
LIVESTOCK
Non-‐ruminant: Poultry and swine
- Highly commercialized = large corporations
Ruminant: Cow, dairy, goat etc
- Smallholders and low technology
FISHERIES & AQUACULTURE
• Aquaculture: farming of aquatic organisms including fish, mollusks, crustaceans and
aquatic plants.
NEW SOURCE OF GROWTH FOR MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURE
Herbs & Spice, Pharmaceuticals, Natural Products
TONGKAT ALI
Botanical name: Eurycoma long folio
Eurycoma lungi folia (commonly called Tongkat all or pack bump) is a flowering plant in the family Simaroubaceae, native to Indonesia, Malaysia, and, to a lesser extent, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. Many of the common names refer to the plant's medicinal use and extreme bitterness. Penawar hit translates simply as "bitter charm" or "bitter medicine".
Botanical description
A medium size slender shrub reaching 10 m in height, often unbranched with reddish brown petioles. Leaves compound, even-pinnate reaching 1 m in length. Each compound leaf consists of 30-40 leaflets, lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate. Each leaflet is about 5–20 cm long, 1.5–6 cm wide, much paler on the ventral side. Inflorescence axillary, in large brownish red panicle, very pubescent with very fine, soft, glandular trichomes. Flowers are hermaphrodite. Petals small, very fine pubescent. Drupe hard, ovoid yellowish brown when young and brownish red when ripe.
Uses of Tongkat Ali
Antimalarial, aphrodisiac, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial and antipyretic.
HEMPEDU BUMI
Botanical name : Andrographis paniculate
Andrographis paniculate is an erect annual herb extremely bitter in taste in all parts of the plant body. In Malaysia, it is known as Hempedu Bumi, which literally means 'bile of earth' since it is one of the most bitter plants that are used in traditional medicine.
Botanical Description
Andrographis paniculate grows erect to a height of 30–110 cm in moist, shady places. The slender stem is dark green, squared in cross-section with longitudinal furrows and wings along the angles. The lance-shaped leaves have hairless blades measuring up to 8 centimeters long by 2.5 wide. The small flowers are borne in spreading racemes. The fruit is a capsule around 2 centimeters long and a few millimeters wide. It contains many yellow-brown seeds.
It does best in a sunny location. The seeds are sown during May and June (northern hemisphere). The seedlings are transplanted at a distance of 60 cm x 30 cm
Treatment of the gastro-intestinal tract and upper respiratory infections, fever, herpes, sore throat, and a variety of other chronic and infectious diseases
KACIP FATIMAH
Botanical name: Lavista Pumila
Botanical description
Labisia is a herbaceous plant that grows in low clusters, with solitary or rarely branching stems and fine, hairy roots. The leaves are oblong-shaped, hairy on its underside and can grow to 20–40 cm (7.9–15.7 in) in length. The inflorescence is brown and 5–6 cm (2.0–2.4 in) long. The plant is indigenous to Malaysia but also found in Sumatera, Java, and Borneo.Three varieties of Labisia have been described: var. Atlanta, var. Lanceolata dan var Pumila.
The popular name for the plant is kacip fatimah ("Fatimah's betel cutter"). Other common names of the plant include "Selusoh Fatimah", "pokok pinggang", "rumput palis", "tadah matahari", "mata pelanduk rimba", "bunga belungkas hutan", "remoyan batu" and Sangkoh.
DUKUNG ANAK
Botanical name : Phyllanthus niruri
Phyllanthus niruri is a widespread tropical plant commonly found in coastal areas, known by the common names gale of the wind, stonebreaker or seed-under-leaf. It is a relative of the spurges, belonging to the Phyllanthus genus of Family Phyllanthaceae.
It grows 50 to 70 centimeters tall and bears ascending herbaceous branches. The bark is smooth and light green. It bears numerous pale green flowers which are often flushed with red. The fruits are tiny, smooth capsules containing seeds.
Used for problems of the stomach, genitourinary system, liver, kidney and spleen. In Malaysia its used to treat diabetes, hypertension, diarrhea, itchiness, jaundice and as antidote for insect bites.
MISAI KUCING
botanical names : Orthosiphon stamineus
Orthosiphon stamineus is an herb that is widely grown in tropical areas. It is also known as Orthosiphon aristatus. The plant can be identified by its white or purple colored flowers that resembles cat whiskers. It is also commonly referred as "Misai Kucing" which means cat whiskers. The herb is popularly known as Java tea and is used widely in the form of herbal tea in Asia Java tea was possibly introduced to the West in the early 20th century. The brewing of Java tea is similar to that for other teas. It is soaked in hot boiling water for about three minutes, and honey or milk is then added. It can be easily prepared as garden tea from the dried leaves. There are quite a number of commercial products derived from Misai Kucing. Cultivation areas and post-harvesting method can significantly affect the quality of the herb.
Used as an analgesic, diuretic, astringent and antiemetic; used to treat conditions like bronchitis, small pox, and diarrhea and as a brain tonic.
PEGAGA
Botanical name: Centella asiatica
Centella asiatica, commonly known as centella and gotu kola, is a small, herbaceous, frost-tender perennial plant of the family Mackinlayaceae or subfamily Mackinlayoideae of family Apiaceae, and is native to wetlands in Asia. It is used as a medicinal herb in Ayurveda medicine, traditional African medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine. It is also known as the Asiatic pennywort or Indian pennywort in English, among various other names in other languages.
Habitat
Centella asiatica is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and wetland regions of the Southeastern US. Because the plant is aquatic, it is especially sensitive to biological and chemical pollutants in the water, which may be absorbed into the plant
Uses of Pegaga
It is used to heal wounds, improve mental clarity, improve mental clarity, and treat skin. It can also boost mental activity and treat high blood pressure, rheumatism, fever, and nervous disorders.
MAS COTEK
Mas Cotek plants grow wild in eastern peninsular Malaysia and it is popular among traditional medical practitioners. The trees can be found in the jungle in Kelantan, Terengganu, Sabah, Sarawak and Kalimantan.
It also can be found grew in the oil palm plantation in Perak, Selangor and Johor.
Mas Cotek is slowly receiving international recognition for its medicinal values and health benefits. Based on traditional knowledge the leaves, fruits, stems and roots of Mas Cotek display healing,palliative and preventative properties.
Used to help womb contraction and as aphrodisiac for men and women, reduce cholesterol and blood sugar level.
Agricultural Marketing
• Export Crop Sector
• Palm Oil: 3 maintype soil palm producers:
– Independent
small holders: low
productivity and sell through middleman
– Producers in land development scheme: production and marketing
follow the parent
institution
e.g.,FELDA, FELCRA, RISDA
– Private estates: very organized. Processed own produces.
Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA)
• Responsibility: supervision; coordination; regulation and improvement of the marketing of agricultural productsfor domestic, export and import markets.
THANK YOU FOR READING ^_^
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